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Economic and gender equality: are skills systems the answer?

16/03/2020

Achieving a balanced economic growth and promoting gender equality consist fundamental aims of the European Union as set out in Article 3 of the Treaty on European Union. Towards this direction, the European Pillar of Social Rights calls, inter alia, for fair wages and gender equality. 

Ilias Livanos
Ilias Livanos
Cedefop Expert, Department for Skills and Labour Market

Analytical Highlights

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Skills forecast insights

Analytical highlights discussing topics emerging from Cedefop skills forecast: replacement demand, skills challenges in Europe, polarisation of skills and job growth creators in the European labour market

Analytical Highlights
Skills forecast insights

Skills Forecast: key EU trends to 2030

05/2018
Cedefop skills forecasts offers quantitative projections of the future trends in employment by sector of economic activity and occupational group. Future trends on the level of education of the population and the labour force are also estimated. Cedefop’s forecasts use harmonised international da...
Analytical Highlights
Skills forecast insights

Replacement demand: driving millions of job openings across the EU

05/2016
Between 2015 and 2025, more than 97 million job openings will need to be filled in EU-28. 93% of these will be due to replacement demand.
Analytical Highlights
Skills forecast insights

Skills challenges in Europe (2016)

03/2016
There are concerns that Europe has a skill mismatch problem: employers struggle to recruit people with the skills they need while unemployment levels remain relatively high following the economic crisis.
Analytical Highlights
Skills forecast insights

Focus on Polarisation of skills in the labour market

12/2015
Studies of the changing demand for skills over the past two decades, including Cedefop forecasts, show a ‘skills polarisation’: demand for medium-skilled intermediate occupations is falling, while demand in both high-skilled and low-skilled occupations is rising - although there are important var...
Analytical Highlights
Skills forecast insights

Focus on skills challenges (2014)

07/2014
Skills shortages in certain sectors and occupations create recruitment difficulties for employers, while a substantial proportion of the EU work force are not in jobs that match their skills or qualifications.

Skills anticipation in countries

Analytical highlights on the skills anticipation and matching approach in all EU countries

Analytical Highlights
Skills anticipation in countries

Skills anticipation in Austria

04/2017
At its core, skills anticipation in Austria consists of the Public Employment Service (Arbeitsmarktservice, AMS) (1) Skills Barometer and the forecasting of skills demand undertaken on behalf of the AMS by the Austrian Institute of Economic Research (Österreichische Institut für Wirtschaftsforsch...
Analytical Highlights
Skills anticipation in countries

Skills anticipation in Belgium

04/2017
In Belgium the approach to skills anticipation can be described as both collaborative (in the sense that stakeholder involvement is relatively high), but also fragmented given its dispersal over several levels of governance with little co-ordination at the federal level.  Governance is de...
Analytical Highlights
Skills anticipation in countries

Skills anticipation in Bulgaria

04/2017
Skills anticipation is in its infancy in Bulgaria. Key developments between 2009 and 2013 have been co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) including perhaps the most important one- the creation of the National Network for Competence Assessment (NNCA). In 2013, Bulgaria adopted a formal ‘mech...
Analytical Highlights
Skills anticipation in countries

Skills anticipation in Croatia

04/2017
Skills anticipation is in a process of development in Croatia. Overall, there is a consensus between the various authorities on the direction of policy, but at the moment there is no systematic and coordinated skills anticipation process. The impact of various anticipation exercises has been limi...
Analytical Highlights
Skills anticipation in countries

Skills anticipation in Cyprus

04/2017
Skills anticipation activities in Cyprus are highly centralised, with activity concentrated in the Human Resource Development Authority (Αρχή Ανάπτυξης Ανθρώπινου Δυναμικού, HRDA), a semi-governmental organisation which holds overall responsibility for skills anticipation. The main tools of sk...

Skills opportunities and challenges in occupations

Analytical highlights on employment and skill developments in 29 occupational groups. These highlights are being updated in 2019.

Analytical Highlights
Skills opportunities and challenges in occupations

Assemblers: skills opportunities and challenges (2019 update)

01/2020
The majority of assemblers are employed in manufacturing, industries such as food, drink and tobacco; rubber/non-metal mineral products; textiles, clothing & leather; basic metals & metal products; wholesale and retail trade; wood, paper, print, publishing; and motor vehicles.
Analytical Highlights
Skills opportunities and challenges in occupations

CEOs, officials & legislators: skills opportunities and challenges (2019 update)

01/2020
Workers in this occupation tend to create policies and direct the overall activities of the organisations which employ them. Occupations in this group include, amongst others, legislators, senior government officials, managing directors and chief executives.  
Analytical Highlights
Skills opportunities and challenges in occupations

Electroengineering workers: skills opportunities and challenges (2019 update)

01/2020
Electroengineering workers, or electrical and electronics trade workers fulfil a variety of roles which involve installing, fitting and maintaining electrical wiring systems and machinery, as well as other electrical equipment.
Analytical Highlights
Skills opportunities and challenges in occupations

Elementary occupations: skills opportunities and challenges (2019 update)

01/2020
People employed in elementary occupations usually perform simple and routine tasks which may require the use of hand-held tools and considerable physical effort.
Analytical Highlights
Skills opportunities and challenges in occupations

Farmworkers and gardeners: skills opportunities and challenges (2019 update)

01/2020
Farmworkers and gardeners (also including forestry and fishery workers) are responsible for growing, managing and harvesting crops; rearing livestock; managing forests; and gathering fish.

Mismatch priority occupations in countries

Analytical highlights for EU countries on occupations in surplus and shortage

Analytical Highlights
Mismatch priority occupations in countries

Austria: Mismatch priority occupations

10/2016
STEM scientists and engineers belong to high shortage occupations for Austria.
Analytical Highlights
Mismatch priority occupations in countries

Belgium: Mismatch priority occupations

10/2016
Medical doctors and health professionals belong to high shortage occupations for Belgium.
Analytical Highlights
Mismatch priority occupations in countries

Bulgaria: Mismatch priority occupations

10/2016
​ICT professionals belong to high shortage occupations for Bulgaria.
Analytical Highlights
Mismatch priority occupations in countries

Croatia: Mismatch priority occupations

10/2016
ICT professionals belong to high shortage occupations for Croatia.
Analytical Highlights
Mismatch priority occupations in countries

Cyprus: Mismatch priority occupations

10/2016
Health professionals belong to high shortage occupations for Cyprus.

Focus on skills and learning

Analytical highlights on types of skills and learning: STEM skills, literacy and numeracy skills, environmental awareness skills, entrepreneurial skills, foreign languages, employability and skills of higher education graduates; apprenticeships and adult learning

Analytical Highlights
Focus on skills and learning

Focus on apprenticeships (2016)

07/2016
Apprenticeships can deliver benefits to both employers and individuals. Employers can better meet their skill needs, and individuals are likely to develop better employment prospects.
Analytical Highlights
Focus on skills and learning

Focus on science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) skills

04/2015
STEM - related jobs are expected to grow faster than average over the next decade, but there are various challenges for business and policy makers in ensuring appropriate supply of these skills.
Analytical Highlights
Focus on skills and learning

Focus on literacy and numeracy skills

04/2015
Low levels of literacy and numeracy among the existing and the future workforce are likely to be a major barrier to labour market integration and future growth.
Analytical Highlights
Focus on skills and learning

Focus on environmental awareness skills

04/2015
These skills are playing a key role in supporting shifts to a greener economy, both within new eco-industries and across various sectors impacted by environmental regulations.
Analytical Highlights
Focus on skills and learning

Focus on entrepreneurial skills

04/2015
Entrepreneurial skills such as creativity, innovation and risk-taking underpin the creation of new firms, but are increasingly a priority within the education system.

Country prospects

Analytical highlights for each EU Member State discussing the economic outlook, employment and skill trends in sectors and occupations (2015)

Analytical Highlights
Country prospects

Prospects for Croatia

04/2015
Coming out of a six - year recession, 28,000 additional jobs are expected to be created in construction, manufacturing and ICT by 2020.
Analytical Highlights
Country prospects

Prospects for Cyprus

04/2015
Despite high investment in education, Cyprus does not perform as well as expected on skills indicators prompting consideration of wide scale reforms at all levels of education.
Analytical Highlights
Country prospects

Prospects for Czech Republic

04/2015
Skill demand is still driven by the industry, but the importance of services is rising fast.
Analytical Highlights
Country prospects

Prospects for Denmark

04/2015
A shortage of higher and vocationally educated persons is expected for 2020.
Analytical Highlights
Country prospects

Prospects for Estonia

04/2015
Emigration and working abroad are severely affecting the labour market as the population overall is declining.

Focus on sectors

Analytical highlights discussing developments in economic sectors in the EU, regarding growth, employment, occupations and skills (2014)

Analytical Highlights
Focus on sectors

Focus on skills for social care

05/2014
Evolving service delivery models influence the skills needed in the care workforce.
Analytical Highlights
Focus on sectors

Focus on textiles, leather and clothing

05/2014
Changing skill needs as companies focus on high - value production, cutting - edge technology and workforce versatility.
Analytical Highlights
Focus on sectors

Focus on retail and distribution services

05/2014
Businesses require a combination of advanced ICT expertise and effective communicators to succeed in a globalised and highly-competitive marketplace.
Analytical Highlights
Focus on sectors

Focus on renewable energy sector

05/2014
Skills upgrading and new jobs in the growing renewable energy industry.
Analytical Highlights
Focus on sectors

Focus on advanced manufacturing

05/2014
The number of science and engineering graduates is rising, but skills shortages remain.

Occupation prospects

Analytical highlights discussing employment and skill trends in 26 occupational groups (2014)

Analytical Highlights
Occupation prospects

Prospects for food, wood and garment processing craft workers

12/2014
A diverse group including food processing workers, cabinet - makers and tailors.
Analytical Highlights
Occupation prospects

Prospects for handicraft and printing workers

12/2014
Handicraft workers make and repair musical instruments, jewellery, pottery and porcelain ware; while the printing trades include printers and binding workers.
Analytical Highlights
Occupation prospects

Prospects for health associate professionals

12/2014
Includes medical and pharmaceutical technicians, nursing assistants support services in community health, dentistry and environmental health.
Analytical Highlights
Occupation prospects

Prospects for labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport

12/2014
Non - agricultural labourers are manual workers who perform a range of simple and routine tasks, which vary by industry.
Analytical Highlights
Occupation prospects

Prospects for legal, social and cultural associate professionals

12/2014
Encompasses a range of jobs across sport and fitness, libraries and museums, social work and legal services among other areas.

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News

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News

“Skills for industry curriculum guidelines 4.0” publication explores Europe’s future education and training for manufacturing

19/03/2020
An outcome of Curriculum Guidelines for Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) and Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (AMT) initiative for Executive Agency for Small and Medium-sized Enterprise (EASME) and DG GROW of the European Commission “Curriculum Guidelines 4.0: Future-proof education and traini...
News

Euro area unemployment at 7.4%, EU27 at 6.6% (January 2020)

18/03/2020
According to Eurostat, unemployment rates in January 2020 haven’t shown significant change, staying at relatively low levels. Both the euro area (EA19) and the EU27 seasonally adjusted averages, at around 7.4% and 6.6% respectively, are well received. Specifically, the EU27’s unemployment rate is...

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Resources

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Guides & toolkits

Refugee skills and labour market needs

07/2019
Most refugees live in developing countries of asylum, struggling to prove themselves in economies which are unable to absorb and make full use of their labour market potential. As a result, their skills often remain unused and become obsolete over time. Key challenges for Europe include sharing t...
Guides & toolkits

Cedefop resources on "how to fight successfully early leaving from education and training"

06/2019
Coming back is never the same as never leaving! Do you want to know how can you fight successfully early leaving from education and training? Check out @Cedefop new resources on #earlyleaving: two reflection tools and two evaluation plans for policy-makers and learning providers; 17 in...
Guides & toolkits

Awareness Raising & Strategy toolkit

02/2019
The toolkit not only provides summaries of the lesson learnt through the lifespan of the LSE project, but also contains concrete recommendations as well as proposals for life skills strategies at different levels. More specifically the Awareness Raising and Strategy toolkit includes: ...
Guides & toolkits

Matching skills - online information tool

01/2019
These policy instruments use an evidence-based approach to inform and shape upskilling or other skills matching policies for the current and future world of work. The tool, which is designed for policy-makers working on education and training, skills, (active) labour market policy and rela...
Guides & toolkits

Cedefop European database on apprenticeship schemes

06/2018
The selected schemes have a stable/valid legal basis and are system-level or mainstream. A scheme is understood as a set of rules and regulations about how this type of training should be designed, delivered, assessed, certified and governed. The data are organised and easily accessible by...
Reports & publications

2020 European Skills Index Technical report

03/2020
This technical report accompanies the release of the 2020 version of the European Skills Index (ESI) developed for Cedefop. The methodological decisions made in constructing the Index have implications for the subsequent interpretation and understanding of the results. The first part of this r...
Reports & publications

Sustainable inclusion of migrants into society and labour market

07/2019
Currently, roughly 22.3 million third-country nationals were living in the European Union (4.4% of the total EU population). How do we ensure that migrants and refugees fully participate in economic, cultural and social life? This report looks into the different policies, initiatives and pract...
Reports & publications

Skills mismatch and productivity in the EU

07/2019
This paper analyses different dimensions of skills mismatch (notably ‘macro-economic skills mismatch’, ‘skills shortages’, and ‘on-the-job skills mismatch’) and their empirical relationship with labour productivity. Macro-economic skills mismatch arises when the skills distribution differs betwee...
Reports & publications

Skills for green jobs in Germany: an update (2018)

06/2019
Executive summary This report provides up-to-date information on skills for green jobs in Germany since 2010, based on desk research and 11 expert interviews. It presents information on environmental employment and on the development of green policies. It reports on regular and occasional studie...
Reports & publications

Skills for green jobs in Spain: an update (2018)

06/2019
Executive summary This report focuses on the changes that have taken place in Spain since 2010 as a response to the skills demanded by the labour market in relation to the greening of the economy. The economic crisis negatively affected the attention paid to greening due to general budgetary cut...
Other resources

Refugee skills and labour market needs: fact sheets

07/2019
In 2017, the global population of forcibly displaced people increased to 68.5 million, compared with 65.6 million in 2016. Among these, 25.4 million were refugees. Most refugees live in developing countries of asylum, struggling to prove themselves in economies which are unable to absorb...
Other resources

Cedefop Skills System Country Performance Infographics - 2018 European Skills Index

06/2019
Cedefop 2018 European Skills Index presents a series of infographics summarising the relative performance for each one of Europe’s Member States Skills System. The analysis is based in three different areas: skills development, skills activation and skills matching. Skills development assesses th...
Other resources

Cedefop 2018 infographics collection on future labour market and skills trends

02/2019
Cedefop 2018 #SkillsForecast presents a series of infographics summarising future labour market and skills trends for each one of Europe’s Member States. The Skills Forecast looks at the period going up to 2030. In these infographics you can find information answering questions such as “what woul...
Other resources

Eurostat November 2018 Newsrelease: Euro area unemployment at 7.9 %

01/2019
The euro area (EA19) seasonally-adjusted unemployment rate was 7.9% in November 2018, down from 8.0% in October 2018 and from 8.7% in November 2017. This is the lowest rate recorded in the euro area since October 2008. The EU28 unemployment rate was 6.7% in November 2018, stable compared with...
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Back to the news list The top ICT skills in demand by companies today

01/2019
Competitiveness, innovation and job creation in Europe are increasingly driven by the use of new information and communication technologies (ICT). Which ICT skills are most needed today, and where? In a constantly evolving environment, companies and public services need to further invest i...
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